MODULE 3. PASSIVE SENTENCES

 Let's revise passive sentences in present simple, past simple and future simple. 

PRESENT SIMPLE

PAST SIMPLE 

FUTURE SIMPLE



Mixed sentences Test

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. John collects money. -
2. Anna opened the window. -
3. We do our homework every day. -
4. I will ask a question. -
5. He cut out the picture. -
6. The sheep ate a lot of grass. -
7. We didn't clean our rooms. -
8. Will William repair your car? -
9. Did Sue draw this circle? -
10. Do you feed the dog? -

MODULE 2: RELATIVE SENTENCES: DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING

DEFINING (no commas)

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.

We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, whom, that, which, whose, where, when, why) to introduce a defining relative clause. In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined:

1.-They’re the people who/that want to buy our house.

2.-Here are some houses which/that have been affected by the flood.

3.-They should give the money to somebody who/that they think needs the treatment most.

 

4.-The actress now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War.

        5.- This is the town where I studied my university degree.

       6.-The day when/that the concert takes place is Saturday.
       
       7.-This is the reason why I didn't invite him to the party.

 

We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the verb:

They’re the people (who/that) she met at Jon’s party.

 This is the book (which/that) I borrowed from the library.

The relative pronoun cannot be omitted when it isthe subject of the verb:

            This is the boy who/that helped us with our luggage.  

            This is the boy (who/that) we meet at the party.

IMPORTANT: Where and whose are never omitted. 

It is important to use the possessive WHOSE correctly:
Example: He's the man whose car was stolen last week.
They were sure to visit the town whose location 

 

NON-DEFINING

Look at this sentence.

• My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.

‘who is 87’ is a non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.

Look at some more examples.

• Tom Carter, who plays the leading role in this film, is a great actor.
• My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
• The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.
• Cáceres, where most of my students were born, is a wonderful town.
  

Non-defining relative clauses add extra information to sentences.

Defining or non-defining?

Remember that defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause.

• I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt.
• This skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.

Non-defining relative clauses use WHO, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, WHOSE, but they but they CAN’T use THAT.

The relative pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining relative clause.

• The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
• The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday

Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause.






SUBJECT OR OBJECST PRONOUNS?

RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT?

RELATIVE ADVERBS

RELATIVE TEST


Exercise 1

 

MORE PRACTICE

COMPLETE with the right pronoun and omit it when possible:
1. It is the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I've just read.
2. She is the girl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sat next to me in the bus.
3. They are the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . helped me.

4. The village ..................... I was born is very small. 

5. This is the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scared me.

6.  This is the dog ...........................my sister bought as a present for my birthday.

7. Summer is the season .............................. I feel better. 

8. The policeman ......................... you saw at the entrance is my brother. 

9. He is a musician ....................... albums have sold millions. 

10. The exam ............................ we took yesterday was really difficult.

DEFINITIONS. Build one sentence (containing a defining relative clause) with these two sentences: 

1. A robot is a machine. It can replace human workers. 

2. A vet is a doctor. He treats animals.
3. Pets are animals. They are kept at home as companions. 

4. A robot is a machine. It looks like a human being. 

Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining

relative sentences.

 

1. The woman showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds

90,000 people.

3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years

4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.

6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.

7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.

8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this

town.

9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting

the storm.

10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.

11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same

company all his life.

12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.

13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.

14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested

in astronomy.

15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.

16. Mr Roberts is in prison. Janet fell in love with him.


DO TESTS 1, 2, 3, 4.

REVISION.MODULE 1. REPHRASINGS

 TRANSFORMATIONS. Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word in CAPITAL LETTERS when
provided.
1. We started working here three years ago.
We ..................................... three years
2. This is the first time I have been on a plane.
I ..................................... before.
3. That’s strange! My pen isn’t here!
That’s strange! .......................................... disappeared!
4. Nicky and Jan aren’t at this school any more.
Nicky and Jan .......................................... this school
5. I saw a friend of yours a few moments ago.
I .......................................a friend of yours.
6. I’m still writing my letter.
I .........................................my letter yet.
7. Is this your first visit to South America?
Have .................................... before?
8. Oh bother! My wallet is still in the car.
Oh bother! I ........................... my wallet in the car.
9. It’s a long time since we spoke to your sister.
We ..............................to your sister for a long time.
10. Is Anna still asleep?
Has .................................. up yet?
11. Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water.
After ................... a deep breath ,he dived into the water.
12. I thought the book seemed familiar
I thought .................................. the book before.
13. I bought this coat three years ago. FOR
I ......................................... three years.
14. We’ve never seen such a funny film. EVER
It’s the .................... seen
15. John hasn’t played golf for years TIME
The ................... golf was years ago.
16. It was the first time I had met a film star. NEVER
I ............................. a film star before.
17. It’s four weeks since I spoke to Paul. HAVE
I ............................... for four weeks.
18. I met Cristina , my English teacher, last year . FOR
I ..................................................one year.

5.CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE

CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE

a poem by Dorothy Law Nolte

GUESS THE EXPRESSIONS MISSING AND FILL IN THE BLANKS:

 

Children Learn What They Live
By Dorothy Law Nolte, Ph.D.

If children live with criticism, ....................................
If children live with hostility, ...................................
If children live with fear, .....................................
If children live with pity, ..........................................
If children live with ridicule, .....................................
 

they learn to fight.

they learn to feel shy.

they learn to be apprehensive.

they learn to feel sorry for themselves. 

they learn to condemn.

If children live with jealousy, ............................
If children live with shame, ..............................
If children live with encouragement, ...........................
If children live with tolerance, ..............................
If children live with praise, ...............................

they learn appreciation.

they learn confidence.

they learn patience.

they learn to feel envy.

they learn to feel guilty.

 

If children live with acceptance, .............................
If children live with approval, ...........................
If children live with recognition, ...............................
If children live with sharing, ................................
If children live with honesty, ...............................

they learn it is good to have a goal.

they learn generosity. 

they learn to love.

they learn to like themselves.

they learn truthfulness.

If children live with fairness, ...................................
If children live with kindness and consideration, ................
If children live with security, .................................
If children live with friendliness, .................................

 

they learn respect.

they learn the world is a nice place in which to live.

they learn to have faith in themselves and in those about them. 

they learn justice.

 

Copyright  1972 by Dorothy Law Nolte

LISTEN AND CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

HISTORICAL PHOTOS

DESCRIBING PHOTOS 3: SAMPLE RESPONSE FOR AN EXAM

https://www.englishclub.com/esl-exams/ets-toeic-practice-speaking.htm

Sample response 
This is an image of a busy street in an Asian country. As well as bicycles there are motor vehicles on this street, so it is obviously a high traffic area. A few of the cyclists have bicycles attached to their baskets. This suggests that bicycles may be their primary source of transportation. From the architecture it appears to be a tourist or shopping district. In the background we can see two tall buildings in the distance, which is likely where the business district is located. In the foreground there are cyclists. There seems to be some confusion about direction of traffic flow. The cyclists are travelling on both sides of the centre line and are going in the same direction. The cars, on the other hand, are going two different ways.

DESCRIBING PHOTOS 2: AN EXAMPLE

The photo is in black and white. 
In the centre of the photo there is a couple kissing.
In the bottom left hand corner there is a man sitting down outside a cafe. 
In the background there is a very grand building. 
We can see part of a car behind the people walking around. It looks an old, classic car. 
It looks like an old photo because of the clothes the people are wearing. 
It might be winter because in the distance there are trees without leaves and people are wearing winter clothes: coats, hats, scarves. 
There is a contrast between the romantic scene in the foreground and the daily life in the background. 
The background is blurry whereas the foreground is very clear, which makes the viewer focus on the couple that are kissing in the centre. 

DESCRIBING PHOTOS 1

Talking about a photo is not just describing. We can also compare, contrast, speculate about the situation, react, give our opinion, imagine what happened before and after, who took the photo and why it was taken. 

Read this information and try to describe Elvis' photo again.

0. EXAMPLE OF IDIOMS

To learn some food idioms click HERE

-The bread and butter: the important things
Just tell me the bread and butter of your report.

-Bring home the bacon: bring the money
She is the one who brings home the bacon.

-It's not my cup of tea: I don't like it.

-Out of the frying pan and into the fire: get involved in more and more trouble.

0. TAYLOR SWIFT, ANTI-HERO

 Answer these 10 questions while you watch the video of the song: 

Memory Game Questions: 

1 - Where is Taylor at the beginning of the video,which room? 
2 - What’s she eating? 
3 - How many shots of tequila do the two Taylors drink the first time? 
4 - What’s written on the black board? 
5 - How many people are eating in the dining room when giant Taylor arrives?
6 - What are they drinking? 
7 - What’s Taylor’s son wearing around his neck at her funeral? 
8 - Which animal appears in Taylor’s funeral photo? 
9 - How much money does she leave her children? 
10 - What kind of house do they argue at the funeral? 

 Click HERE to check your answers.

0. LESS MISTAKES

 

MISTAKES WE MUST AVOID

Wrong	He has the hair black.
Right

Wrong	Mark has 13 years.
Right

 

Wrong	The people is happy.
Right

 

Wrong	My father is doctor.
Right

 

Wrong	I love Cáceres. Is a great place.
Right

Wrong	I'm watching Game of Thrones. Is a very interesting story.
Right

Wrong	My sister study French at school.
Right

Wrong	I reading a book.
Right

 

Wrong	Often they go to concerts.
Right

 

Wrong	I am go to the cinema.
Right

Wrong	They not play tennis.
Right

Wrong	She not study German.
Right

Wrong	They will visit their friends next Friday.
Right

Wrong	My sister likes listen to music.
Right

 

Wrong	I like very much ice cream.
Right

 

Wrong	Every students like the teacher.
Right

 

Wrong	I must to call him immediately.
Right

 

Wrong	She can to drive.
Right

 

Wrong	You should not to smoke.
Right

 

Wrong	Where I can find a bank?
Right

Wrong	Where live she?
Right

Wrong	There aren’t some pencils on the table.
Right

Wrong	She plays the football at the moment.
Right

Wrong	Peter is my best friend. I really like he.
Right

Wrong	Sarah lives in London and his brother lives in Paris.
Right

Wrong	This are my New Year’s resolutions.
Right

Wrong	That girls are learning to speak Portuguese.
Right

Wrong	There was five dogs in the park.
Right

Wrong	I think is very difficult.
Right

Wrong	They arrive yesterday.
Right

Wrong	The teacher gived back the exams.
Right

Wrong	Mary not went to the party.
Right

Wrong	Why not went she?
Right

Wrong	Peter is more tall that John.
Right

Wrong	Mary is intelligenter than Sue.
Right

Wrong	The blue team is gooder than the red one.
Right

Wrong	You speak English good.
Right

 

Wrong	I study English from 2018.
Right

 

 

Wrong	The childrens are studing.
Right

 

Wrong	There is seven girls in the class.
Right

Wrong	What will you do tomorrow?
Right

 

Wrong	She didn't phoned her boss.
Right

 

Wrong	I travelled to Madrid ago three days.
Right

 

Wrong	My friend phoned while I did my homework.
Right

 

Wrong	A.Do you help me?  B.Yes, I do.
Right

 

Wrong	If it rain, we not play tennis.
Right

 

Wrong	If David not call me, I send him an email.
Right

 

Wrong	I going to watch a video.
Right

 

Wrong	This activity is more easy that the previous one.
Right

 

Wrong	Peter is the boy more tall of my class.
Right

Wrong	The Nile is the longest river of the world.
Right

Wrong	I have visited Niagara Falls last weekend.
Right

 

Wrong	He have watched three films this week.
Right

Wrong	Have climbed you a mountain any time?
Right

Wrong	He has left school at 3 o'clock.
Right

Wrong	How many time ago you live in this town?
Right

Wrong	I knew swim when I had seven years.
Right

Wrong	The sun cream are expensive.
Right

Wrong	There are much students in this school.
Right

Wrong	There aren't anybody on the beach today.
Right

Wrong	Everybody are nervous the first day of school.
Right

Wrong	He finish to arrive.
Right

Wrong	Have cleaned you your teeth?
Right

Wrong	They live here since August.
Right

Wrong	I don't play tennis for two weeks.
Right

 

Wrong	I’ve been here since three months.
Right
Wrong	Already he hasn't arrive.
Right

Wrong	Have you already finished your project?
Right

 

Wrong	The concert will be on Friday. I'm not sure.
Right

Wrong	I will can use my dad's car when I get my driving license.
Right

Wrong	If we will win this match, we play in the championships.
Right

Wrong	My brother would like being a pilot.
Right

Wrong	You haven't to come to school on Saturday.
Right

Wrong	I will revise for the test after school because I want to pass.
Right

Wrong	If he would ask me, I would go.
Right

Wrong	I would haven't arrive late if I hadn't missed the train.
Right

Wrong	You musn't stay up so late.
Right

Wrong	They not should get up so early.
Right

Wrong	He is as tall like his father.
Right

Wrong	English is speak here.
Right

Wrong	A lot of people is invite to the party.
Right

Wrong	These videos wasn't produce in London.
Right

 

Wrong	The album will is release soon.
Right

 

Wrong	Swim is a really good exercise.
Right

Wrong	Before go home, you have to finish your writing.
Right

 

 

Wrong	He can't avoid sing in the shower,
Right

Wrong	My mother can't stand wait for us at dinner time.
Right

Wrong	It's lovely see you again.
Right

Wrong	I went to the supermarket for to buy some fruit.
Right

Wrong	My car was steal yesterday.
Right

Wrong	You needn't to come to the meeting.
Right

Wrong	This is the woman which won the competition.
Right

Wrong	We travelled in India for a year before we went to Pakistan.
Right

Wrong	He said me he was in a band.
Right

1.  

Wrong	Although it was raining, but we had the picnic.
Right

 

Wrong	However it was raining, we had the picnic.
Right

 

 

Wrong	I enjoyed from the movie.
Right

 

Wrong	I look forward to meet you.
Right

  

Wrong	My cousin live in the United States.
Right

 

Wrong	When I will arrive, I will call you.
Right

 

Wrong	My boyfriend has got a new work.
Right

 

Wrong	She doesn’t listen me.
Right

Wrong	Do you like a glass of wine?
Right

 

Wrong	There is seven girls in the class.
Right

 

Wrong	I didn’t meet nobody.
Right