MODULE 3. PASSIVE SENTENCES

 Let's revise passive sentences in present simple, past simple and future simple. 

PRESENT SIMPLE

PAST SIMPLE 

FUTURE SIMPLE



Mixed sentences Test

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. John collects money. -
2. Anna opened the window. -
3. We do our homework every day. -
4. I will ask a question. -
5. He cut out the picture. -
6. The sheep ate a lot of grass. -
7. We didn't clean our rooms. -
8. Will William repair your car? -
9. Did Sue draw this circle? -
10. Do you feed the dog? -

MODULE 2: RELATIVE SENTENCES: DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING

DEFINING (no commas)

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.

We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, whom, that, which, whose, where, when, why) to introduce a defining relative clause. In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined:

1.-They’re the people who/that want to buy our house.

2.-Here are some houses which/that have been affected by the flood.

3.-They should give the money to somebody who/that they think needs the treatment most.

 

4.-The actress now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War.

        5.- This is the town where I studied my university degree.

       6.-The day when/that the concert takes place is Saturday.
       
       7.-This is the reason why I didn't invite him to the party.

 

We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the verb:

They’re the people (who/that) she met at Jon’s party.

 This is the book (which/that) I borrowed from the library.

The relative pronoun cannot be omitted when it isthe subject of the verb:

            This is the boy who/that helped us with our luggage.  

            This is the boy (who/that) we meet at the party.

IMPORTANT: Where and whose are never omitted. 

It is important to use the possessive WHOSE correctly:
Example: He's the man whose car was stolen last week.
They were sure to visit the town whose location 

 

NON-DEFINING

Look at this sentence.

• My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.

‘who is 87’ is a non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.

Look at some more examples.

• Tom Carter, who plays the leading role in this film, is a great actor.
• My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
• The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.
• Cáceres, where most of my students were born, is a wonderful town.
  

Non-defining relative clauses add extra information to sentences.

Defining or non-defining?

Remember that defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause.

• I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt.
• This skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.

Non-defining relative clauses use WHO, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, WHOSE, but they but they CAN’T use THAT.

The relative pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining relative clause.

• The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
• The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday

Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause.






SUBJECT OR OBJECST PRONOUNS?

RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT?

RELATIVE ADVERBS

RELATIVE TEST


Exercise 1

 

MORE PRACTICE

COMPLETE with the right pronoun and omit it when possible:
1. It is the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I've just read.
2. She is the girl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sat next to me in the bus.
3. They are the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . helped me.

4. The village ..................... I was born is very small. 

5. This is the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scared me.

6.  This is the dog ...........................my sister bought as a present for my birthday.

7. Summer is the season .............................. I feel better. 

8. The policeman ......................... you saw at the entrance is my brother. 

9. He is a musician ....................... albums have sold millions. 

10. The exam ............................ we took yesterday was really difficult.

DEFINITIONS. Build one sentence (containing a defining relative clause) with these two sentences: 

1. A robot is a machine. It can replace human workers. 

2. A vet is a doctor. He treats animals.
3. Pets are animals. They are kept at home as companions. 

4. A robot is a machine. It looks like a human being. 

Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining

relative sentences.

 

1. The woman showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds

90,000 people.

3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years

4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.

6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.

7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.

8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this

town.

9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting

the storm.

10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.

11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same

company all his life.

12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.

13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.

14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested

in astronomy.

15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.

16. Mr Roberts is in prison. Janet fell in love with him.


DO TESTS 1, 2, 3, 4.

REVISION.MODULE 1. REPHRASINGS

 TRANSFORMATIONS. Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word in CAPITAL LETTERS when
provided.
1. We started working here three years ago.
We ..................................... three years
2. This is the first time I have been on a plane.
I ..................................... before.
3. That’s strange! My pen isn’t here!
That’s strange! .......................................... disappeared!
4. Nicky and Jan aren’t at this school any more.
Nicky and Jan .......................................... this school
5. I saw a friend of yours a few moments ago.
I .......................................a friend of yours.
6. I’m still writing my letter.
I .........................................my letter yet.
7. Is this your first visit to South America?
Have .................................... before?
8. Oh bother! My wallet is still in the car.
Oh bother! I ........................... my wallet in the car.
9. It’s a long time since we spoke to your sister.
We ..............................to your sister for a long time.
10. Is Anna still asleep?
Has .................................. up yet?
11. Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water.
After ................... a deep breath ,he dived into the water.
12. I thought the book seemed familiar
I thought .................................. the book before.
13. I bought this coat three years ago. FOR
I ......................................... three years.
14. We’ve never seen such a funny film. EVER
It’s the .................... seen
15. John hasn’t played golf for years TIME
The ................... golf was years ago.
16. It was the first time I had met a film star. NEVER
I ............................. a film star before.
17. It’s four weeks since I spoke to Paul. HAVE
I ............................... for four weeks.
18. I met Cristina , my English teacher, last year . FOR
I ..................................................one year.

5.CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE

CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE

a poem by Dorothy Law Nolte

GUESS THE EXPRESSIONS MISSING AND FILL IN THE BLANKS:

 

Children Learn What They Live
By Dorothy Law Nolte, Ph.D.

If children live with criticism, ....................................
If children live with hostility, ...................................
If children live with fear, .....................................
If children live with pity, ..........................................
If children live with ridicule, .....................................
 

they learn to fight.

they learn to feel shy.

they learn to be apprehensive.

they learn to feel sorry for themselves. 

they learn to condemn.

If children live with jealousy, ............................
If children live with shame, ..............................
If children live with encouragement, ...........................
If children live with tolerance, ..............................
If children live with praise, ...............................

they learn appreciation.

they learn confidence.

they learn patience.

they learn to feel envy.

they learn to feel guilty.

 

If children live with acceptance, .............................
If children live with approval, ...........................
If children live with recognition, ...............................
If children live with sharing, ................................
If children live with honesty, ...............................

they learn it is good to have a goal.

they learn generosity. 

they learn to love.

they learn to like themselves.

they learn truthfulness.

If children live with fairness, ...................................
If children live with kindness and consideration, ................
If children live with security, .................................
If children live with friendliness, .................................

 

they learn respect.

they learn the world is a nice place in which to live.

they learn to have faith in themselves and in those about them. 

they learn justice.

 

Copyright  1972 by Dorothy Law Nolte

LISTEN AND CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

UNIT 3. TENSES FOR THE FUTURE

EXERCISE 1: WILL OR BE GOING TO?

EXERCISE 2: FUTURE MIXED

EXERCISE 3: WILL, MAY, MIGHT, GOING TO

EXERCISE 4: FUTURE CONTINUOUS OR FUTURE PERFECT 

UNIT 1. OPINION ESSAY. TASK

 Following fashion

TASK: Write an opinion essay related to fashion: 

   "Fast fashion and pollution"

STEP 1: Pros and cons

STEP 2: Find vocabulary related to the topic.

 

UNIT 1. OPINION ESSAY. EXAMPLE

CLICK HERE  TO SEE AN EXAMPLE AND SOME TIPS. 

UNIT 3. OPINION ESSAYS. PLANNING YOUR WRITING

Make a plan

 Take ten minutes to lay out your ideas. Make a pros and cons list. Here’s some things you might come up with when writing, for example, about museums and sport centres. 

Structure your essay

 The essence of a good essay is a clear structure.

Introduction

Here you want to introduce the topic in your own words. Your first line should also grab the reader’s attention, then you should paraphrase the question. Finally, try using a statistic or a rhetorical question. This will make them want to read on, right?

Paragraph 1

Discuss the first option you’ve chosen. Include a good topic sentence and remember to give reasons for your answer. Describe some of the advantages, and even some of the disadvantages too. This will give a well-balanced argument.

Paragraph 2

Here’s where you introduce the second option. Again, try to present both sides of the argument and give reasons for your ideas. Gradually work towards the conclusion.

Conclusion

State your final opinion. This should be a summary of the rest of the essay and point clearly to which option you think is the most important. Do not introduce any new arguments at this stage. The conclusion is where you tie-up any loose ends.

 

Language

 

This is an advanced piece of writing, so make sure your choice of language reflects it. You will get marked for accuracy, however, occasional errors can still be present as long as they do not impede understanding. So don’t play it too safe. This is your opportunity to show what you can do, so take some risks and have fun with it!

 

Vocabulary

 

In the writing paper you should use a range of vocabulary, including less common lexis. Brainstorm some vocabulary related to the topic. Take your time to think of nouns and compound nouns that you know at C1 level. Really let your vocabulary sparkle.

Synonyms

 

No one likes a broken record. Find synonyms for simple words. You want to use a variety of language, and try not to repeat yourself too much. Check out these different ways of saying the same thing:

advantage = benefit, positive, upside

disadvantage = downside, drawback

effect = influence, impact, result, outcome

problem = issue, challenge, difficulty, obstacle, setback, complication

important = valuable, essential, beneficial

expensive = costly, dear, high-priced, extortionate

cheap = inexpensive, affordable, economical

big = great, large, sizeable, considerable, wide, vast

small = slight, tiny, little

Grammar

Experiment with different grammatical forms. At this level you’re expected to have a good grasp on the grammar. You should use a range of simple and complex grammatical forms with control and flexibility. So challenge yourself with some of these…

• Participle clauses
• Conditionals
• Modal verbs
• Passive with reporting verbs
• Inversion
• Cleft sentences
• Comparatives
• Relative clauses

Useful expressions

 

To make your essay flow it’s best to use some key phrases. These will link all your ideas together, and help it sound semi-formal. Take a look at the expressions below. Why not use some in your next essay?

Introduction:

It is often said that…

Many people feel that…

We live in an age when..

More and more…

Introducing & Addition:

Firstly, secondly, thirdly…

On the one hand…

In addition…

What is more…

Examples:

For example…

For instance…

As a case in point…

Contrasting:

In contrast…

On the other hand…

Alternatively…

However…

Conclusion:

All things considered…

As far as I’m concerned…

In light of the above…

 

What the examiners are looking for

 

When writing your essay, bear in mind what you’ll be marked on:

Content

Have you answered all parts of the question? Is everything relevant to the question?

Communicative Achievement

Is the style and tone appropriate? Remember it should be semi-formal and neutral.

Organisation

Does it follow a logical order? Have you used paragraphs and linking devices?

Language

Are you using a variety of grammar and vocabulary? Is it accurate?

 

Check

 

Now your masterpiece has come together. Remember to take time to check your work. Here’s the official Writing Checklist from Cambridge Assessment English. And our list of the most common mistakes:

• spelling
• subject + verb agreement
• singulars / plurals
• articles
• question formation
• variety of tenses
• dependent prepositions

Some final tips

 

Avoid contractions (I’m, they’re, we’re) as this is a formal writing.

Don’t use first person pronouns (I, my, our, us).

Practise under timed conditions.

Use model answers to practise fixed expressions.

MIXED GRAMMAR REVISION

1.-Pam wrote a romantic letter to one of her friends. (WRITE A QUESTION)

2.-I …………………………….….. (NOT SPEAK) to Jane for ages. I’m going to phone her. (CORRECT TENSES)

3.-The last time I saw him was on Monday.  (REWRITE USING “SINCE”)

4.-The manager offered me a new position in the company. (CHANGE TO TWO FORMS OF PASSIVE)

5.-I spent too much money and now I regret it. (REWRITE USING A MODAL VERB)

6.-The new optician is going to check my eyes. (CHANGE TO THE CAUSATIVE FORM)

7.-For two weeks. (WRITE A QUESTION)

8.-I am really worried about the crisis because I don’t have a lot of money. (REWRITE USING A CONDITIONAL)

9.-Next Monday our school is closed because of the bank holiday. (REWRITE USING A MODAL VERB)

10.-Don’t drive so fast. This is my advice. (REWRITE USING A MODAL VERB) (REWRITE USING A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE)

11.-She won’t go on holiday if she doesn’t have enough money. (REWRITE USING “UNLESS”)

12.-She never worked as a doctor because she didn’t finish her degree. (REWRITE USING A CONDITIONAL)

13.- When I arrived at the store I realized I ………………………..(forget) my credit card. (CORRECT TENSE)

14.-With this effective course, we promise that by the end you ………..…………….. (LEARN) 500 new words. (CORRECT TENSE)

15.-An expert decorated Sally’s new flat. (CHANGE TO THE CAUSATIVE FORM)

16.- Next weekend I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow. (JOIN USING A RELATIVE SENTENCE)

17.- John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years. (JOIN USING A RELATIVE SENTENCE)

18.- When I lived in the UK I hated driving on the left. (REWRITE USING USED TO/WOULD OR BOTH)

19.-This second-hand car has been sold for 3000 euros. (REWRITE IN THE ACTIVE VOICE)

20.-Mary sent a very well-designed CV. However, she didn't get the job. (CONNECTORS.REWRITE STARTING BY "Although...")

21.-Mary sent a very well-designed CV. However, she didn't get the job. (CONNECTORS.REWRITE STARTING BY "Despite / In spite of...")

22.-While the students ……………………. (DO) their test, the principal entered the room. (CORRECT VERB TENSES)

23.-The optician has checked my eyes. (CHANGE TO CAUSATIVE FORM)

24.-People think mixing vaccines is not a good option. (2 IMPERSONAL PASSIVE)

25.-By this time next month we …………………….. (end) our exams and we …………………. (enjoy) our holidys. (CORRECT VERB TENSES)

2 OF MY FAVOURITE PLACES

 I strongly recommend visiting the Valley of Jerte. The colours in autumn and spring are amazingly beautiful, the coppers, ochres, reds and golds of the different trees; the white of the cherry blossom, the streams, the waterfalls, the river, the light, the clouds on top of the mountains. The landscape is beautiful and the valley is just one hour's drive from Cáceres. You can stay in a hotel, in a rural house in one of the villages, in a farm or even in a shepherd hut. And you can also enjoy local food: traditional dishes prepared from very old recipes. Do you fancy going?

 

 

ANOTHER EXAMPLE

What about going to Ireland? Its quite far away but it is very beautiful at this time of year. Glendalough is a scenic valley in the Wicklow Mountains. There are two very large lakes between two mountains and many old graves. There is a round tower and many old buildings from the time of Saint Kevin, who was a monk who lived there many years ago. You can climb the mountains, hire a boat, learn about the past in the museum or even just admire the landscape.

Riley's favourite place

This is Central Library in Downtown Los Angeles. It was built in the 1920s in ancient Egyptian and Mediterranean Revival inspired styles. The idea was to create a sort of “temple of knowledge,” and looks like it from the outside. 

Its central tower is topped with a hand holding a torch representing “the light of learning,” and there are statues of great philosophers and writers, with inscriptions referring to themes of knowledge and enlightenment all along the walls. Inside, there is a beautiful rotunda with a colorful mural depicting the history of California. There are more statues of ancient gods and beasts in there too. It’s all pretty impressive.

This place is special to me because I would always come here on breaks from work to use the free wi-fi and talk to my girlfriend, who I’m now married to. After that, or maybe on days that we didn’t have a plan to talk, I would just come to read about whatever seemed to sound interesting that day. You can find any kind of book while exploring this massive eight-floor library. If you want a place with an interesting atmosphere that really motivates you to study, this is your spot.

9. REPORTED SPEECH 2 MOCK EXAMS

 

REPORTED SPEECH REVISION

REPORTED SPEECH. TEST A

Reported Speech. Statements

1. “I'm working in Dallas today.” / He said…

2. “I think he will win the election.” / She said…

3. “Anna lives in London.” / Peter said…

4. “My father is going to visit us next week.” / Frank told me…

5. “My brother bought a brand new Mercedes yesterday!” / She told me…

Reported Speech. Questions

1) Nancy: "Why didn't Nick go to New York last summer?"/ Nancy wanted to know… 2) Barbara: "Must I do my homework this afternoon?"/ Barbara asked me… 3) Linda: "Did Max fly to London two weeks ago?"/ Linda wanted to know… 4) Grandmother: "Where are my glasses?"/ Grandmother asked …. 5) A man: "When does the train to Liverpool leave?"/ A man asked me … Reported Speech. Commands 1)John said to Peter: ‘Don’t go away.’/ John ordered Peter…  2)He said to me: ‘Please wait here till I return.’/ He requested me…

REPORTED SPEECH. TEST B

Reported Speech. Statements

1. “I have worked at this company since last month.” / She said …

2. “They are watching TV now.” / She said …

3. “My father drives to work every day.” / He said …

4. “I thought about changing my job last year.” / Alan said …

5. “I’m flying to Chicago tomorrow.” / Susan said …

Reported Speech. Questions 1) Mandy: "Are your children reading this book?" /Mandy asked me …

2) Jason: "Who gave you this laptop?" /Jason wanted to know…

3) Robert: "Is Tim leaving next Friday?" /Robert wondered…

4) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?" /Daniel asked me …

Reported Speech. Commands

1) He said: ‘Be quiet.’ /He urged them…

2)“Don’t open the book while you are doing the test.” The teacher warned the students./ The teacher warned the students…