martes, 24 de febrero de 2015

RELATIVE SENTENCES




DEFINING OR NON-DEFINING?

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Non-defining relative clauses

Look at this sentence.
  • My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.
‘who is 87’ is a non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.

Look at some more examples.
  • The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
  • My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
  • The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.
Non-defining relative clauses add extra information to sentences.

Defining or non-defining?

Remember that defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause.
  • I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt.
  • The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.
Non-defining relative clauses can use most relative pronouns (which, whose etc,) but they CAN’T use ‘that’ and the relative pronoun can never be omitted.
  • The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause.


Possessive: WHOSE
Example: He's the man whose car was stolen last week.
They were sure to visit the town whose location (OR the location of which) was little known.




SUBJECT OR OBJECST PRONOUNS?

RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT?

RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT? (2)

RELATIVE ADVERBS


Exercise 1

EXERCISE 2

Choose the right pronoun:
1. It is the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I've just read.
2. She is the girl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sat next to me in the bus.
3. They are the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . helped me.
4. This is the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scared me.

Build one sentence (containing a defining relative clause) with these two sentences:
5. A robot is a machine. It can replace human workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6. A vet is a doctor. He treats animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
7. Pets are animals. They are kept at home as companions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
8. A robot is a machine. It looks like a human being. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise 3 Decide whether the following clauses are defining or non-defining clauses. Insert commas where necessary.
  1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966.
  2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party.
  3. Our friends who we met at university are coming to visit next week.
  4. That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'.
  5. Mr Jackson whose son also goes to this school will be attending the party next weekend.
  6. The author's latest book which has become a bestseller is about two children in Jamaica.
Exercise 4   Work together to expand the following story by using as many non-defining relative clauses as you can. Feel free to make a funny story!
A man called Peter took an airplane to New York to visit his sister. When he arrived at the airport, a old man asked him a question. Peter gave a short reply and the man invited him for a drink. Peter accepted, and after he had the drink, caught the airplane to New York. When he got to his sister's apartment, his sister invited him into the living room. As he entered the room, he was surprised to see the same man.



EXERCISE 5
Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining
relative sentences.
1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.
2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds
90,000 people.
3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years
4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.
5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.
6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.
7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.
8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this
town.
9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting
the storm.
10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.
11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same
company all his life.
12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.
13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.
14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested
in astronomy.
15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.
16. Mr Roberts is in prison. Janet fell in love with him.


DO TESTS 1, 2, 3, 4.





lunes, 9 de febrero de 2015

PASSIVE: IMPERSONAL STRUCTURES

PASSIVE SENTENCES: IMPERSONAL STRUCTURES

Sometimes we do not know who did an action o it is not relevant. Then, the subject can be "PEOPLE" or "THEY":

a) People say that they are handsome (in the present). 

Or the subject can be "IT"

b) It is said that they are handsome. 

And we can also used a passive sentence: 

c) They are said to be handsome. 


Pay attention to this examples in the past: 


They knew she had an idea.
It was known that she had an idea.
She was known to have had an idea. (to + have V3)



If the predicate of the passive sentence is a verb transitive like believe, think, find, say, report, consider, understand, acknowledge, expect, tell, know then you can change the active sentence into passive.  These are formal structures. They are often used in news reports and on TV.

EXERCISES

Rephrase the sentences to make them more formal. Look at the example above.
1) People think that the new prime minister is a good speaker.
It is .
 The new prime minister .
2) They report that the suspended gunman is in custody.
The suspended .
  It is .
3) People don't expect that the new party will win the election.
It isn't .
The new .
4) The police say that the principal is at large.
It is .
The principal .
5) The detective knows that the robber has left the city.
It is .
The robber .
6) People believe that giving encouragement is important at work, too.
It is .
Giving encouragement .
7) They told us that Charles drank too much at the party.
It was .
Charles .



1) People know that drug addiction is dangerous.
It is .
2) They believe that the lunch will be delicious.
The lunch is .
3) They think that the children are at school.
The children .
4) People said that the robbery lasted half an hour.
It is .
5) People acknowledge that he is talented.
He is .
6) The newspapers reported that he won the jackpot.
He was .
7) They think that your tea is too sweet.
It is .
8) Everybody says the old bridge will collapse.
The old .


– Rewrite the sentences. Look at the examples.
1) It is said that the thief stole several wallets.
The thief is said to have stolen several wallets.
2) People think that the pigeons carry a lot of diseases.
It is thought that the pigeons carry a lot of diseases.
3) Sarah is known to be the prettiest girl in the class.
It is .
4) It was understood that he got divorced.
He was .
5) Amy Winehouse was reported to have died.
It was .
6) It is acknowledged that she is a talented painter.
She is .
7) The Sun was believed to move round the Earth.
It was .
8) It is said that the pilot was drunken.
The pilot .
9) This kind of material is found to be poisonous.
It is .
10)The witness was thought to have injured.
It was .


http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6854
Created by Susan V. Toth (Zsuzsapszi)


PASSIVE CAUSATIVE FORM

In English, the causative form is used when we don't do something ourselves, instead we arrange for someone else to do it for us.


The boy is getting his hair cut

There are two verbs generally used in the passive causative form; they are Have and Get. In addition, there is usually no agent in this form; it's not like in active form which has the agent. The action verb is in the past participle, and the object comes before it. The difference between have and get in this passive causative form is that have is more formal than get. 


I have my teeth cleaned
once a year 


Pattern
SubjectHave/GetObjectPast Participle


Examples:
  • I ask someone to fix my car.
    = I have my car fixed.
  • She asked John to wash the plate.
    = She got the plate washed.




Write the correct response, changing the ACTIVE sentences into PASSIVE CAUSATIVE FORM sentences: 
EX: Jim is sendind the letter. --> Jim is having the letter sent


1. My mother changed the curtains. --> 

2. Thomas is going to wash the car. --> 

3. Maria has redesigned the web site. --> 

4. Kelly will take Mr. Brown to the beach. --> 

5. John brought the cat to the vet. --> 

6. Jane is putting the vase on the table. --> 

7. We were driving Mr. Jones to the airport. --> 

8. We fed the dog. --> 


9. We have given the money to the homeless shelter. --> 

10. Thomas cut his hair. -->

PASSIVE DOUBLE OBJECT

They gave her a present.


She was given a present.



DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS: http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-grammar/verbs/double-object-verbs


PASSIVE WITH DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS: http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive_two_objects.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/objects_tenses.htm

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-4216.php

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/passive_verbs_with_two_objects.pdf

 

PASSIVE

STEP 1: http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-passive-voice-exercise2.html

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-passive-voice-exercise3.html


STEP 2: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive


STEP 3: http://www.eltbase.com/vtr_refs.php?id=18
 

viernes, 6 de febrero de 2015

PASSIVE SENTENCES REVISION

TEST 1. CLICK HERE

TEST 2.

Change these sentences from active to passive. Use a personal subject wherever possible.

1 We clean the garages every day.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Someone has given him a lot of money.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 The police arrested two hundred people.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 Paul wrote the words and John made the music.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 We check every car engine thoroughly.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 We export this computer to seventy different countries.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 We opened the factory at nine o'clock.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 They send two million books to America every year.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9 Did he give you enough sugar?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10 No-one has ever taught the pupils to do that exercise.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11 John Hughes built the biggest sand castle in the world.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12 They showed me the palace where the king lived.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13 Has anyone ever asked you to tell the story?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14 They watered the plants and swept the floor in my absence.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15 The Scots drink more alcohol than the Irish.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CAUSATIVE SENTENCES

 Use in Different Tenses
1-Present Simple               causative form
He paints  his shoes........... He his shoes .
2-Present Continuous
He is mending his car.............He his car .
3-Past Simple
She watered her garden...........She  her garden .
4-Past Continuous
She  was perming her hair..........She her hair  permed.
5-Future Simple
I will repair the roof.........I the roof .
6-Present Perfect
The manager has cleaned the windows.........The manager the windows.
7-Present Perfect Continuous
She has been taking photos……………..She photos.
8-Past Perfect
You had ironed  your T-shirt....You your shirt .
9-Past Perfect Continous
He had been decorating  your house...........You  your house  .
10-Modal/Infinitive
He may send the parcel.........You  the parcel .
11-Future Continuous
I will  be cutting my hair …..I my hair  .Wink



Q1 - I'm going ............ at the new hairdresser's

Q2 - She needs to ........

Q3 - I really must get ....... the central heating

Q4 - They ought to have ........ replace the broken windows

Q5 - He ......... while he was away on holiday

Q6 - I .......... my phone repaired after I dropped it

Q7 - She didn't have time to get to the shops and .......

Q8 - It took ages to get ...........

Q9 - I'll ....... John to do it when he arrives

Q10 - She ......... on the underground last week

Q11 - He .......... tickets sent to his home address yesterday

Q12 - You should .......... a long time ago

Q13 - They couldn't .......... anyone to fix their burst pipes

Q14 - They had it ....... by the same person who decorated their old house

Q15 - After winning a fortune, she ....... her family to do everything for her

Q16 - I ......... the house redecorated if I could afford it

Q17 - He got a friend ........ him at the airport

Q18 - The teacher ...... him do all the work again

Q19 - He ....... his bags loaded onto the train by a porter

Q20 - I had my car ......... a fortnight ago

Q21 - I'm going to have them ____ it



have something done

Complete the sentences and make clear that the people don't / didn't do it themselves. (The first sentence is given as an example.)
  1. Yesterday, (I / cut / my hair) .
  2. Every Friday, (Joe / wash / his car) .
  3. Tomorrow, (she / repair / her shower) .
  4. Each Saturday, (we / deliver / a pizza)  to our home.
  5. Last year, (Bob / clean / his house)  by a charwoman.
  6. As Phil had a broken arm, (he / type / his texts)  by his secretary.
  7. (I / pick up / the goods)  tomorrow in the afternoon.
  8. (we / redecorate / our walls)  last summer.
  9. Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, (she / carry / her bags)  into her room.
  10. (we / organise / our last party)  by professionals.

Fill the gaps with have and the verb in brackets in their correct forms.
1
We ___________ the roof ___________ last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)
2Anne ___________ her hair ___________ every Friday afternoon. (do)
3I ___________ the brakes ___________ three times a year. (check)
4The government ___________ the whole town ___________ yesterday. (evacuate)
5I ___________ my hard drive ___________ for a bigger one last week. (change)
6When did you last ___________ the airconditioning ___________ ? (service)
7You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should ___________ your eyes ___________ . (test)
8After the plague of fleas, the boss ___________ the office ___________ . (disinfect)
9Your cat's coughing. You need to ___________ him ___________ for parasites. (treat)
10Daphne ___________ her legs ___________ once a fortnight. (do)
11I normally ___________ my suit dry ___________ before a wedding. (clean)
12The headmaster ___________ all the lockers ___________ for the missing footballs yesterday. (search)
13Have you ___________ your house ___________ ? (double-glaze)
14Have you ___________ that poster I bought you ___________ yet? (frame)
15The house is in chaos. We're ___________ a new kitchen ___________ in. (put)

IMPERSONAL SENTENCES

  1. People know that she is a good swimmer.
    → 
  2. They say that Francis is in hospital.
    → 
  3. They think that the children are in bed.
    → 
  4. People believe that the robber has worked in the bank.
    → 
  5. People believe that nuclear power stations are dangerous.
    → 
  6. His collegues thought that he was on holiday.
    → 
  7. People know that cars pollute the environment.
    → 
  8. They suppose that the new product will come out soon.
    → 
  9. They found that the mission was impossible.
    → 
  10. They believe that she will win a gold medal.
    →