DEFINING OR NON-DEFINING?
Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types –
defining relative clauses and
non-defining relative clauses.
Non-defining relative clausesLook at this sentence.
- My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.
‘who is 87’ is a
non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.
Look at some more examples.
- The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
- My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
- The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.
Non-defining relative clauses add extra information to sentences.
Defining or non-defining?Remember that
defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the
defining relative clause.
- I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt.
- The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.
Non-defining relative clauses can use most relative pronouns (which, whose etc,) but they
CAN’T use ‘
that’ and the relative pronoun can never be omitted.
The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause.
Possessive: WHOSE
Example: He's the man whose car was stolen last week.
They were sure to visit the town whose location (OR the location of which) was little known.
SUBJECT OR OBJECST PRONOUNS?
RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT?
RELATIVE PRONOUN, NECESSARY OR NOT? (2)
RELATIVE ADVERBS
Exercise 1
EXERCISE 2
Choose the right pronoun:
1. It is the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I've just read.
2. She is the girl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sat next to me in the bus.
3. They are the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . helped me.
4. This is the dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scared me.
Build one sentence (containing a defining relative clause) with these two sentences:
5. A robot is a machine. It can replace human workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
6. A vet is a doctor. He treats animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
7. Pets are animals. They are kept at home as companions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
8. A robot is a machine. It looks like a human being. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise 3
Decide whether the following clauses are defining or non-defining clauses. Insert commas where necessary.
- The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in 1966.
- We invited the boy who Tom had met the week before to the party.
- Our friends who we met at university are coming to visit next week.
- That is the building where they shot the film 'Vanilla Sky'.
- Mr Jackson whose son also goes to this school will be attending the party next weekend.
- The author's latest book which has become a bestseller is about two children in Jamaica.
Exercise 4
Work together to expand the following story by using as many non-defining relative clauses as you can. Feel free to make a funny story!
A man called Peter took an airplane to New York to visit his sister. When he arrived at the airport, a old man asked him a question. Peter gave a short reply and the man invited him for a drink. Peter accepted, and after he had the drink, caught the airplane to New York. When he got to his sister's apartment, his sister invited him into the living room. As he entered the room, he was surprised to see the same man.
EXERCISE 5
Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining
relative sentences.
1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.
2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds
90,000 people.
3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years
4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.
5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.
6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.
7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.
8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this
town.
9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting
the storm.
10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.
11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same
company all his life.
12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.
13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.
14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested
in astronomy.
15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.
16. Mr Roberts is in prison. Janet fell in love with him.
DO TESTS 1, 2, 3, 4.
